【翻譯】大西庇阿略傳

Pompeo_Batoni_-_Continenza_di_Scipione_(c.1771)

原文來自：http://www.historynet.com/romes-craftiest-general-scipio-africanus.htm

因為翻譯引進先後的關係，中文世界恐熟悉漢尼拔甚過於大西庇阿，漢尼拔高超戰術的運用，與他的攻打羅馬的壯志未酬，讓中文世界對其深有惋惜之感，但做為打敗「羅馬的恐懼」的大西庇阿，卻在中文世界較少人知。

大西庇阿，全名普布利烏斯‧科爾涅留斯‧西庇阿‧亞非利加努斯(Publius Cornelius Scipio Africanus)，約出生於公元前236年，出身貴族，自20幾歲領軍後全無敗績，為陷在第二次布匿戰爭泥淖的羅馬找到新的出路，並打敗了漢尼拔，徹底改變地中海世界的勢力平衡，在羅馬史中佔了非常重要的位置。

而他所出身的家族名將輩出，現今義大利的國歌，第一段就有提到西庇阿家族，可是說是羅馬武力的象徵：

義大利眾兄弟，看祖國正奮起，
已戴好西庇阿古頭盔、英雄帽。

如果不是大西庇阿，羅馬在布匿戰爭中可能會多浪費許多年，這個不受禮法制度約束的年輕人，帶有一種神祕的宗教氣質，讓人覺得他深受神靈眷顧，實際上卻有著超乎理性的冷靜頭腦，謹慎規劃，大膽行事，他有高貴的血統，一生的摯友卻是個平民；他有超凡的魅力，不論敵人或盟友都為其折服，就連不太喜歡西庇阿處處挑戰體制的蒙森(雖然我覺得他除了凱撒誰也不喜歡XD)，也替他下了這樣的評註：

他對於自己的偉大非常自信，以致不知有嫉妒或仇恨，恭而有禮承認他人功績，慈悲地原諒他人過失，他是個絕好的軍官，爐火純青的外交家，而不帶這兩種職業使人生厭的特色，他把希臘文化與羅馬最完滿的民族感合而為一，言談既見才氣，舉止風流──所以士兵、婦女、本國人和西班牙人、元老院的政敵和比他偉大的迦太基敵人，對於普布利烏斯‧西庇阿無不心悅臣服。

一篇短短的文章可能無法一展其人魅力，也許他軍事知名度不如漢尼拔，政治才華不如凱撒，但他高貴而特出的人格特質，仍讓六百多年後的羅馬史家，抱持著尊敬的心情在史書上寫下：在他及他其後的年代裡，在全體羅馬人中，他都是數一數二的。

*由於個人能力不足，翻錯誤譯在所難免，還請各位多多鞭斥。

Rome’s Craftiest General: Scipio Africanus
羅馬的狡黠將軍─西庇阿‧亞非利加努斯

(譯者加註)前情題要：公元前二世紀，正在崛起的羅馬共和國，與迦太基勢爭奪地中海的掌控權，勢同水火的兩大強國處於一觸即發的戰爭邊緣。為了完成父親對羅馬復仇的遺願，漢尼拔率領軍團從西班牙出發，穿過阿爾卑斯山前往義大利，第二次布匿戰爭爆發，而當時僅17歲的西庇阿，則依照羅馬貴的傳統，跟著家族親人前往戰場，原本以為只是單純跟著戰無不勝的羅馬軍團實習，沒想到西庇阿面對的是滿壞復仇之火的天才將領……

Map_of_Rome_and_Carthage_at_the_start_of_the_Second_Punic_War.svg
(布匿戰爭爆發前的勢力分布圖，來源https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Second_Punic_War)

Publius Cornelius Scipio Africanus learned the art of war in the hardest and bloodiest of all forums—on the battlefield against Hannibal. As a 17-year-old, he followed his father, Roman consul Publius Cornelius Scipio, into Northern Italy on Rome’s first engagement against the Carthaginian military genius at the Ticinus River. Though it would be the first of Rome’s many defeats at Hannibal’s hands, Scipio personally distinguished himself by charging a superior force of the Carthaginian cavalry to save his father’s life. Over the next three years Scipio probably fought at both the Battles of Trebia and Lake Trasimene, where Hannibal annihilated two more Roman armies, and was certainly present to witness Rome’s greatest defeat at Cannae, where some 60,000 Romans perished in a single day’s fighting.
普布利烏斯‧科爾涅留斯‧西庇阿‧亞非利加努斯(Publius Cornelius Scipio Africanus)在所有對上漢尼拔的戰場，習得最困難和最血腥的戰爭藝術。17歲時，他跟著身為羅馬執政官的父親─普布利烏斯‧科爾涅留斯‧西庇阿(註1)前往北義大利提基努斯河(Ticinus)，這是首次羅馬與天才般的迦太基軍對戰。雖然這將是羅馬對上漢尼拔的數次慘敗中的第一戰。

西庇阿在此役中，為了拯救父親性命衝向具優勢的迦太基騎兵，此舉讓他聲名大振。在接下來的三年，西庇阿經歷了漢尼拔殲敵兩個羅馬軍團的特雷比亞(Trebia)和特拉西美諾湖戰役(Trasimene)，並見證了羅馬在坎尼會戰(Cannae)的大敗，此役羅馬人在一日內戰死六萬名士兵。(註2)

註1：羅馬父子同名是很常見的狀況，通常史學家為了區分，會將父親稱為老西庇阿，本篇主角為大西庇阿，大西庇阿有個聲明卓越的養孫也是同名，故稱為小西庇阿。
註2：如果常常看三國演義那種動不動就幾十萬大軍的描述，可能會有點難以想像一日戰死六萬士兵的影響，由於這場戰爭羅馬傾國之力投入，這些戰死的成員包括20~30%的政府官員、三分之一的元老院成員、加上羅馬諸多中堅份子，國家菁英死去大半，可見其影響之大，在一戰爆發前，是歐洲史上單日最慘重的戰爭傷亡。

At the end of that horrific day Scipio found himself amid a body of survivors who had cut their way through the Carthaginian center and regrouped a few miles away at Canusium. Hearing that a group of young Roman patricians was planning to desert, 20-year-old Scipio burst into their meeting place. One by one, he forced the waverers, at sword-point, to swear an oath never to desert Rome. After that he exacted a second oath that they would kill anyone else attempting to forsake the empire.
在那可怖的日子，西庇阿和一群倖存者在迦太基軍中衝出一條血路，來到卡諾薩迪普利亞(Canusium)幾哩的地方重新整頓。那時西庇阿聽到一群年輕的羅馬貴族正計劃逃亡，20歲的西庇阿衝進他們的聚會點。以武力威脅這些猶豫不決的人，一個一個發誓永不棄絕羅馬。而後，他要求他們發第二個誓─他們會殺死任何試圖拋棄帝國的人。

Scipio had performed exactly as expected of him. Facing defeat, a Roman leader was expected neither to die gloriously with his troops nor to consider surrender. Instead, he was to reconstitute whatever forces could be salvaged from the fiasco and ready them for the next effort. There was no shame in defeat, only in giving up.
西庇阿行事一如他的期許。面對失敗，一個羅馬領袖不與軍團光榮戰死，也不考慮投降，相反地，他要重建任何能挽救失敗的力量，為下次努力而準備。失敗並不可恥，放棄才是。

On the other side, Hannibal was being handed a lesson in Roman perseverance—one that should have been absorbed by his father during the First Punic War. Despite suffering three successive routs at Hannibal’s hands, Rome never considered surrender or a negotiated end to the Second Punic War. What’s more amazing, though Hannibal’s army continued to rampage through Italy for a dozen years and was to win several more major battles, Rome had the strategic wisdom to send many of its best legions to fight in other theaters. Roman legions’ presence in Macedonia and Sicily, for instance, ensured that Hannibal was unable to draw upon those regions for supplies or reinforcements. It was from Spain that Hannibal drew the core of his strength, so Rome concentrated its major foreign push there. If the legions could strip Spain away from Carthage, Hannibal would be cut off from the mines that financed his army and from his most reliable source of fresh troops.
另一方面，漢尼拔正接手由他父親在第一次布匿戰爭汲取的教訓─羅馬人無比的毅力。漢尼拔的軍隊在義大利橫行十幾年，贏得幾個重大戰役，儘管羅馬接二連三地慘敗於漢尼拔，但卻從來不考慮以投降或談判結束第二次布匿戰爭。羅馬以機智的戰略，遣派許多優秀軍團開拓其他戰場，羅馬駐軍於馬其頓和西西里島，以確保漢尼拔無法利用這些地區來支援或加派援軍；而在西班牙這個漢尼拔力量的核心，羅馬集中了大部分軍力於此處，若能夠讓西班牙脫離迦太基控制，就能切斷漢尼拔的金援與可靠的生力軍。

Though Roman armies made steady progress in Spain for a half-dozen years after Cannae, the strategy ended abruptly in 211 bc when, on the eve of the Battle of the Upper Baetis, Rome’s Spanish allies deserted and went over to the enemy. The now overwhelming Carthaginian force nearly wiped out the Roman army, commanded by Scipio’s father. Both his father and uncle were killed. A remnant Roman force managed to hold out on a small patch of land in northeast Spain.

在坎尼六年後，羅馬軍團在西班牙戰線一直穩定的推進，但此戰略在公元前211年突然中斷，在上拜提斯戰役前夕，羅馬的西班牙盟友投奔敵方。壓倒性的迦太基勢力幾乎摧毀了由西庇阿父親指揮的羅馬軍團。西庇阿的父親和叔叔戰死，羅馬勢力退居到僅剩西班牙北方零星之地。

At this low ebb, the Roman senate called for a replacement to command the demoralized Roman force in Spain. As it was apart from the main theater facing Hannibal, and because Rome could not afford to send the Spanish legions much in the way of reinforcements, no senior Roman generals stepped forward. Finally, the senate called an assembly of the people to elect a proconsul for the “honor.”

逢此低潮，羅馬元老院呼籲替換士氣低落的西班牙軍團的領導。因為此地是對抗漢尼拔的主戰場之一，由於羅馬無法負擔更多的軍團去增援西班牙，所以竟沒有羅馬高級將領願意前去。最後，元老院召集人民大會，打算推選出前執政官(proconsul)(註)賦予他這個「榮譽」。

註：由於羅馬那時規定只有執政官可以領軍(consul)，但由於漢尼拔的關係羅馬不得不開闢多個戰場，為了讓這些將軍們在其他地方能享有與執政官同樣的治軍權，羅馬人就想了一個「前執政官(proconsul)」的稱號，授予這些將軍。

As Livy relates, “They [the Roman voters] looked round at the countenances of their most eminent men…and muttered bitterly that their affairs were in so ruinous a state that no one dared take command in Spain.” Spotting a unique opportunity, Scipio declared himself a candidate, though at 24 he was not officially old enough for the post. Age notwithstanding, he was unanimously elected.
史家李維(Livy)提到：「他們(羅馬選民]望向那些最傑出人士的面孔……痛苦難過地自語為何在如此災難危及國家的狀態中，沒有一個人敢在承接西班牙的指揮。」在這難得的機遇，西庇阿宣布成為候選人，雖然他只有24歲，並不符合此職位的法定年齡(註)。儘管如此，他還是被民眾一致推選。

註：羅馬的官職選舉有其嚴格的年齡規定和官階限制，一般說來，執政官需年滿40歲才能出來競選(在參選執政官以前還需要某些官職資歷)。雖然有些史家認為當時因為坎尼戰死人數過多導致選舉年齡下降，或是他的家族勢力促使西庇阿成為唯一的參選者，但西庇阿以24歲出面競選相當於執政官的「前執政官」，依然是驚世之舉。

Arriving in northern Spain the following year, Scipio learned of three Carthaginian armies operating in various regions, each of them larger than his own. Roman discipline and tactical ability still made it probable Scipio would defeat any single opposing force. But that could involve weeks of careful maneuvering, during which time his opponents would surely put aside their personal differences and join forces. So Scipio seized on the idea of striking at New Carthage, the main Punic base in Spain.
次年，西庇阿抵達西班牙北部，得知當地三個迦太基軍團在不同區域的作用，每個勢力都比他更強大，但羅馬軍團的紀律和戰術能力使西庇阿有可能擊敗任何反對勢力，但這需要數周的軍事演練，在此期間，他的對手一定會拋開個人分歧攜手合作。這時西庇阿興起了一個想法─奪取西班牙最重要的布匿基地─新迦太基(New Carthage ,今卡塔赫納)

Defenses at New Carthage (modern-day Cartagena) were considered so strong that only a thousand Punic mercenaries had been left to guard the city. The closest reinforcements were two weeks away. It was a plum for the picking, but only if Scipio could keep his intentions secret. As he spent the winter preparing his army, Scipio shared his plans with only one trusted subordinate, Laelius. When he launched his campaign in early spring, neither the army nor its senior commanders had any idea of his plans. By force-marching south 40 miles a day, Scipio’s 25,000 infantry and 2,500 cavalry arrived in less than a week to confront the city’s stunned defenders. Simultaneously, Laelius arrived by sea with 35 Roman war galleys to blockade the port.
新迦太基城防禦有如銅牆鐵壁，故只有一千左右的布匿傭兵留守，最近兩星期才加固過。但西庇阿對他的意圖保密，他花了整個冬天備戰，僅與一位可信下屬─雷利烏斯(Laelius )(註)分享他的想法。當西庇阿在初春發動戰爭時，無論是軍團或其高級指揮官都無人得知他的計畫。西庇阿率領25,000名步兵和2500名騎兵，每日向南行軍40英里，在不到一周的時間內抵達新迦太基，讓守城者措手不及，與此同時，雷利烏斯領著35艘羅馬戰船，封鎖了港口。

註：雷利烏斯，全名蓋屋斯‧雷利烏斯(Gaius Laelius)，出身平民，前半生沒有任何資料，推測可能在坎尼會戰前兩人就認識了，他一生都是西庇阿最信任的朋友，為什麼出身貴冑的西庇阿會和一個不富裕、沒有政治影響力、資歷不明的人當好友，一直都是個謎。

Just shy of the city walls, Scipio’s army stopped and began digging a fortified camp. While the Romans dug, the Carthaginians manned the walls and hastily armed 2,000 citizens as reinforcements. New Carthage was a natural strongpoint, surrounded on three sides by water, but the defenders knew they needed time to prepare. To stall, they sallied out with 2,000 men to disrupt Roman preparations. Refusing to meet the Carthaginian onrush, Scipio instead withdrew his pickets to lure the defenders closer to his camp. His intention was to isolate the Carthaginians’ best fighters far from the refuge of the city gates.
離城牆一段距離，西庇阿的軍隊停下來開始挖掘設防營地。當羅馬人掘地時，迦太基趕緊設防城牆，並匆忙武裝兩千市民增援。新迦太基是個天然戰略要地，三面環海，守軍知道羅馬軍需要時間來準備，為了拖延時間，他們出擊兩千人破壞羅馬的準備，西庇阿避免與迦太基軍正面衝突，他撤去哨兵以吸引守城者更接近營地，企圖讓這些迦太基的戰士遠離城門的庇護。

Scipio met the initial charge with his less experienced soldiers, but steadily fed in reserves to ensure there were fresh troops on the front line. Eventually, the consul sent the Triarii (battle-hardened men of the third line) into action. This proved too much for the Carthaginians, who broke in a rout. The Romans pursued and nearly forced the gates before they could be closed. Pressing the attack, the legionnaires began to scale the walls, but the defenders thwarted each attack. By midafternoon, Scipio ordered his exhausted troops back to camp to recoup.

西庇阿集合較少經驗的士兵做為前鋒，但穩定地投入預備軍以保證在前線的是生力軍。最終，執政官(註1)派後備兵（第三列久經沙場的士兵）(註2)採取行動，迦太基人難以招架而被擊潰，羅馬人在他們關上城門前不斷追擊他們，擊退這次攻擊後，他們開始攀上城牆，但守軍挫敗他們每一次的攻擊。下午三時左右，西庇阿命令筋疲力盡的部隊回營。

註1：文章在此有點混亂，根據前文，西庇阿在此時期並未真正獲執政官(consul)實質權責，不過在此還是尊重原文。
註2:Triarii，後備軍，根據波立比烏斯的著作描述，共和時期羅馬軍團列陣通常分為三排，第一列大多是年輕的新兵，次一排則是經驗較多的青年軍，第三排則是身經百戰的後備軍，最後關頭才會出擊，所以羅馬人有句話說：事情發展到後備軍，就表示事情發展到非常事態。

The Carthaginians were at first elated, but as dusk arrived their joy turned to dismay when the legions advanced once again. It was time for Scipio’s masterstroke: He had learned that the ebb tide reduced water levels in the lagoon north of the city, making it fordable. As his main force began its assault, the consul sent 500 chosen men to march across the lagoon and attack an undefended section of the wall. By then, the defenders were hard-pressed to hold off the frontal assault. The chosen 500 scaled the wall unnoticed and quickly made their way to the main gate just as the legionnaires outside began smashing away at it with heavy axes. Attacked from both front and rear, the defenders panicked, and New Carthage fell.
迦太基人起初興高采烈，但暮色降臨，他們的喜悅轉為氣餒，羅馬軍團再次推進。這是西庇阿的絕妙之舉：他知道城北的潟湖會在此時退潮，足以涉水而過。當他主力軍開始進攻，執政官則派遣五百精兵偷偷橫渡潟湖，攻擊城牆不設防的區域。那時守軍正因前方的攻勢而焦頭爛額，以至於沒注意到五百精兵爬上了牆頭，並迅速前往羅馬軍團正用攻城槌不斷攻擊的城門。內外交擊使守軍大為恐慌，於是，新迦太基城陷落了。

Just one week after launching his first military campaign, Scipio had upset the balance of power in Spain. He had deprived the Carthaginians of their main supply base, captured almost 20 war galleys and now held a large part of the Carthaginian treasury. Just as important, he recovered more than 300 noble hostages the Carthaginians had taken from Spain’s most powerful tribes as a guarantee of good behavior. Despite the fact that many of these hostages had come from tribes that had betrayed his father, Scipio treated them honorably and allowed them to return home. That bit of wisdom, coupled with Scipio’s proven ability to win, brought more Spanish allies into the Roman camp. Scipio used them, but was never so foolish as to trust them.
在首次軍事行動的短短一個星期後，西庇阿便打破了西班牙的勢力平衡。他奪取了迦太基的主基地，繳獲二十艘戰船與大量迦太基珍寶。同等重要的是，他釋放了三百多名貴族人質，這些都是迦太基人要求西班牙各大部族做為保證的人質。儘管許多人質都來自背叛他父親的部落，但西庇阿好生對待他們，讓他們回家，這份明智，加上西庇阿的取勝能力，帶來了更多西班牙盟友到羅馬陣營。西庇阿用他們，但從來沒有愚蠢到相信他們。

After consolidating his position at New Carthage, Scipio led his legions against the Carthaginian army under Hannibal’s brother, Hasdrubal, winning a marginal victory at the Battle of Baecula in 208 bc. Either as a result of this battle or according to an earlier plan, Hasdrubal soon left Spain and marched his army into Italy to reinforce his brother. The Carthaginians arrived in Italy only to be destroyed by a Roman force led by the consul Nero. Hannibal learned his reinforcements had been wiped out when his brother’s head was thrown over the wall of his camp.
鞏固新迦太基後，西庇阿率領軍團對抗漢尼拔的弟弟哈斯德魯巴(Hasdrubal)，在公元前208年於別庫拉會戰(Baecula)贏得不算重大的勝利，無論是此戰的結果或根據預期的計劃，最終哈斯德魯巴很快離開了西班牙，領軍前往義大利支援他的哥哥。迦太基人來到義大利後，意外地被執政官尼錄(Nero)(註)帶領的羅馬軍團擊敗。當弟弟的頭被扔進軍營，漢尼拔才得知援軍被消滅。

註：怕有人誤會，此尼錄不是後來那名羅馬暴君尼錄。

Back in Spain, Scipio had only two armies to contend with, though by now they had combined forces. In 206 bc, with about 45,000 men—less than half of them well-disciplined legionnaires—Scipio marched against a Punic army nearly double that size, led by a different Hasdrubal and another of Hannibal’s brothers, Mago. The armies met near Ilipa, north of Seville. For the next few days the opponents sized each other up. For each of these demonstrations, Scipio put his best troops, his two legions and Latin allies, in the center, while his Spanish allies held the flanks. To match the Romans, the Carthaginian commanders put their best African troops in the center and their own Spanish allies on the flank.
目光轉回西班牙，西庇阿只有兩個軍團抗衡已集結的敵方勢力。在公元前206年，，西庇阿僅有約四萬五千人、但訓練有素的軍團，而迦太基人數是他的兩倍，並由另一位哈斯德魯巴與漢尼拔另一個弟弟馬戈領導。在兩軍相遇在塞維亞北部的伊利帕(Ilipa)。接下來的幾天，兩方僅在戰場上相互衡量(並未交鋒)，每次軍團佈陣，西庇阿都把他最精銳的兩個軍團和拉丁同盟軍置於中心，而西班牙盟軍置於兩翼，為了迎戰羅馬人，迦太基將領將精銳的非洲軍團置於中央，己方的西班牙盟友則位於兩邊側翼。

註：這段可能乍看會看不懂，因為以前打戰不是像電影演的那樣，大家一到戰場，指揮官一喊大家就向前衝，戰爭的步調沒有想像中那麼快，通常開戰前，會讓軍隊出來擺陣型，然後兩方互相考量部隊部屬等等的問題，有時候當天沒有人衝的話，時間到就鳴金收兵，然後隔天再做差不多的事，直到有人開戰。所以上述西庇阿跟迦太基人做的基本上就是早上出來擺陣型→軍隊站著發呆對看(喂)→時間到→收隊回營區吃飯→隔天再repeat
不知道那個時代的軍人在重覆這樣的活動時，會不會有中華民國國軍除草刷油漆的浪費生命感XD

After several days of such preliminary moves, Scipio suddenly reversed his formation, putting a legion on each flank and the Spaniards in the center. Before Hasdrubal and Mago could adjust their own lines, the legions began to advance, while Scipio held his Spanish allies back. Instead of moving in the more typical line formation, Scipio advanced in columns, which allowed him to close the distance with the Carthaginians at an unheard-of speed. Then, at the last moment, the legions wheeled into line and smashed the Carthaginian flank. The Spaniards soon broke and ran for safety.
經過幾天這樣的佈陣，突然間西皮奧扭轉了他軍團編制，把一個軍團的分為兩翼，讓西班牙盟軍在中央。在哈斯德魯巴和馬戈調整自己的陣線之前，羅馬軍團開始進軍，而西庇阿讓西班牙盟軍後退，取代過去更典型的線性編隊，西庇阿以縱隊前進，以飛快的速度拉近與迦太基軍之間的距離。在最後一刻，軍隊轉為線性隊型，擊潰迦太基側翼。西班牙人很快地潰逃了。

Throughout this decisive stage of the battle, Hasdrubal was unable to maneuver his center to help his flanks because Scipio’s Spanish allies still menaced his front. Their flanks ultimately routed, the usually reliable African mercenaries in the center also ran for camp. That night, Hasdrubal’s Spanish allies deserted. What was left of the Carthaginian army tried to escape in darkness during a storm, but was pummeled by Roman pursuers.
在整個戰役的決定性階段，哈斯德魯巴無法操控中央部隊幫助自己的側翼，因為西庇阿的西班牙盟軍壓制他的前方，他們的側翼最終潰散。位於中央、向來可靠的非洲傭兵也跑回了營地。那天晚上，哈斯德魯巴的西班牙盟友拋棄了他。剩下的迦太基軍試圖在風暴期間趁夜逃跑，但仍被羅馬追兵痛擊。

With Spain secured, Scipio returned to Rome. After a bitter political battle with jealous rivals, he secured permission to lead a Roman army into Africa and attack the base of Carthaginian power. Permission was only grudgingly granted, however, and the senate refused to allow him to recruit for the expedition, limiting his force to the two legions already in Sicily. But they couldn’t prevent Scipio from enrolling eager volunteers. According to ancient historians, they came because “to fight under so brave and gallant a captain as Scipio was an adventure all good soldiers welcomed.” That said, one suspects the promise of rich plunder was at least as much of a draw.
平定西班牙後，西庇阿返回羅馬。與滿懷嫉妒的政治對手經過辛苦的政治鬥爭後(註1)，他獲准帶領羅馬軍團進入非洲和攻擊迦太基本土的權利，但權限是勉強批准的，元老院拒絕讓他招募新軍團，限制他的勢力範圍僅有西西里的兩個軍團。但他們無法阻止西庇阿招收熱情的志願者(註2)。根據古代史家，他們來到這裡是因為「在像西庇阿這樣勇敢和英勇的領袖麾下作戰，是所有好士兵所歡迎的冒險」，即便如此，人們猜想眾多戰利品的承諾也是極大的吸引力。

註1：這裡跳過蠻多事情，簡單來說，西庇阿從西班牙回來後，與元老院交涉一些條件，以不符年齡的方式取得執政官參選資格，而且還給他選上了。當時羅馬對漢尼拔的政策是比較消極，但有效的避戰策略（因為當下認為贏漢尼拔是不可能的），但西庇阿本人是傾向較積極的，直逼迦太基本土的戰略，對當時保守的元老院來說，西庇阿的作為太跳痛了，加上他的年輕威脅到以制度穩固國家的共和國體制，許多元老可以說是大力反對，最後西庇阿僅取得一個附帶一堆但書的許可，所以文內才說這是個辛苦的政治鬥爭。
註2：西庇阿的人氣歷久不衰，他在第二次布匿戰役結束後很長時間未掌軍權，十年後只是陪弟弟掛名出征，光是行軍過程中，~~在路上撿的~~熱情志願者將近四五千人，都可以湊一個軍團了。

By allowing him to take Legions V and VI, the senate didn’t think it was doing Scipio a service. These legions comprised survivors of Cannae. Following that rout, the defeated soldiers were sent to serve in exile—a degradation in direct contrast to the praise the senate bestowed on Cannae survivors of noble birth. These men keenly felt the stain of dishonor, and each year they petitioned the senate to allow them to return to Rome and prove their valor in battle against Hannibal. They were ignored.
允許他掌控第五和第六軍團，元老院沒想到這會是替西庇阿服務。這些軍團是坎尼會戰的倖存者。隨著坎尼的潰敗，這些士兵被送來服苦役，此降格對待，與元老院授予出身貴族的倖存者的讚美截然不同。這些人強烈地感到恥辱，每年訴請元老院讓他們返回羅馬證明他們對抗漢尼拔的勇氣，但元老院駁回他們的請求。

Scipio understood such men and their desire for redemption. To him they were not simply the losers from Cannae. They were the men who by dint of sheer hard fighting had cut their way through an encircling army and re-formed to protect the Republic. He praised them and honored their service, and they in turn gave him utter devotion. Around this core of combat-hardened veterans Scipio spent a year training his volunteers and preparing the logistics required to support an invasion of Carthage’s home territories.
西庇阿明白這些人和他們渴望的補償。在他看來，他們不單是坎尼的失敗者。他們是經歷全然艱苦的奮戰，在團團包圍的敵軍中殺出一條血路，並重新整隊以保護共和國的人。他稱讚他們，並以他們為榮，而他們給予西庇阿絕對的忠心。以這些百鍊成鋼的老兵為核心，西庇阿花了一年訓練志願兵，以及準備入侵迦太基領土所需的後勤。

In 204 bc Scipio’s force sailed for North Africa and laid siege to the Carthaginian stronghold of Utica. The defenders held strong, their resistance buoyed by the promise of a large Carthaginian relief army. In time, Carthage did manage to assemble a large force, under the joint command of Hasdrubal and a local king, Syphax, who had previously pledged his support to Scipio. Despite overwhelming military superiority, however, Hasdrubal was reluctant to attack, perhaps recalling the drubbing he’d received at Ilipa.
公元前204年，西庇阿率軍航向北非，並開始圍攻迦太基要塞─尤蒂卡。守軍抵抗強烈，他們因迦太基的援軍承諾而受到鼓舞。隨著時間過去，迦太基組織了大軍，由哈斯德魯巴和曾承諾支持西庇阿的當地國王─西法克斯聯合指揮。儘管有壓倒性的軍事優勢，但也許是回憶起在伊利帕會戰所受的的痛擊，哈斯德魯巴打的很不情願。

Scipio took full advantage of the Carthaginian general’s indecision to suggest peace talks, an offer that was eagerly accepted. Over the next several days, Roman emissaries, accompanied by their slaves, made their way to the two enemy camps. As the emissaries negotiated, the slaves—actually Roman centurions—roved around the camp, noting its layout and defensive works. To maintain the illusion these spies were actually slaves, several of them submitted to public whippings for having wandered off without permission.
西庇阿因兩位迦太基將軍的猶豫不決而掌握完全的優勢，他提出的和談提議被熱切地接受。在接下來的幾天裡，羅馬使者與伴隨著他們的奴隸，奔走於兩個敵人的陣營。這些作為談判的使者和奴隸，實際上都是羅馬軍的百夫長們，他們到營地四周觀察佈局和防禦工事。為了維持這些間諜是奴隸的錯覺，其中幾人因為沒有許可就四處溜搭而被公開處以鞭刑。

Their familiarity with the enemy camp emboldened Scipio to conduct the most dangerous of operations—a nighttime assault on a fortified enemy position. The consul was about to find out whether his faith in the disgraced legions was misplaced. They didn’t disappoint.
對敵營的熟悉使得西庇阿大膽操作一項最危險的計畫 ─夜襲敵營。執政官正替放錯地方且蒙受恥辱的軍團找回信心，而他們沒有讓人失望。

In a single night of brutality, Scipio’s army massacred upwards of 40,000 of the enemy (twice their own number) and sent the rest into flight. Incredibly, Hasdrubal managed to raise another army in only a month and marched once again to engage Scipio. But no army so hastily raised and organized was a match for battle-disciplined legions, which made short work of this new army. Faced with these twin disasters and no army left in North Africa that could oppose Scipio, Carthage was forced to recall Hannibal from Italy. For all practical purposes, Rome had won the Second Punic War. But there was still one great battle left to be fought.
在這殘酷的一日，西庇阿的軍隊屠殺近四萬敵軍（足以是自軍的兩倍數量），其餘的則四散奔逃。難以置信的是，哈斯德魯巴設法在一個月內籌組另一支軍團，再次攻打西庇阿。但這支倉促籌集的軍團，缺乏有組織的軍事訓練，很輕易地被擊敗了。面對兩次慘敗，北非已經沒有足夠的軍力反抗西庇阿，迦太基被迫從義大利召回漢尼拔。事實上，羅馬已經贏得第二次布匿戰爭。但仍留下一個偉大的戰役等待開戰。

At Zama, in 202 bc, Scipio and Hannibal finally met on the field of battle. Each had about 40,000 men at his disposal, but—unlike at Cannae—this time the Romans had the better mounted force, thanks to King Masinissa, who swung his superb Numidian cavalry out of the Carthaginian orbit over to the Roman side. Scipio, like Hannibal, placed this cavalry on the flanks, and each organized his infantry in three lines. But Scipio also made a major tactical change to the standard Roman formation by separating his maniples, opening wide lanes through his lines.
公元前202年，在扎馬，西庇阿與漢尼拔終於在戰場上相遇。雙方各有大約4萬名兵力，但不同於坎尼會戰，此時的羅馬人有更好的騎兵，這要感謝努米底亞國王馬西尼薩，率領一流的努米底亞騎兵跳出迦太基的控制而投向西庇阿一方。與漢尼拔一樣，西庇阿將騎兵編在側翼，兩人都將步兵排成三線。但西庇阿將傳統的羅馬佈陣做了一個戰術上的變動，將中隊之間的間距拉開。

After some initial skirmishing, Hannibal sent his 80 war elephants forward. But this was a different Roman army than the one he had faced at Cannae—tougher and more disciplined, led by men accustomed to Hannibal’s tactics. Faced with the choice of smashing into the heavily armed legionnaires or running unimpeded through the gaps in their formations, most of the elephants took the path of least resistance and passed harmlessly through the Roman army. Others, frightened by the blasts of massed Roman trumpeters, ran down their own cavalry.
在最初的交鋒後，漢尼拔讓八十頭戰象前進。但是這支羅馬軍團不同於他在坎尼面對的，他們更強硬、更有紀律，由熟悉漢尼拔戰略的人所領導，他以絕好的方式讓這些重裝戰象未受妨礙地穿過軍隊間的空隙，大部份的戰象經過極少反抗的路徑，並無害地通過羅馬軍團。其餘的則被集結的羅馬喇叭手的噪音嚇壞了，反奔向己方的騎兵。

e0040579_2247440
(上圖紅色是羅馬，藍色是迦太基軍，左右兩翼則是騎兵)

Noting the chaos, Laelius and Masinissa took the cavalry on each flank and charged the Carthaginian horsemen. These horsemen quickly retreated, with Roman and Numidian cavalry in close pursuit. As the cavalry departed, the legions crashed into the lead Carthaginian line, pressing the mercenaries hard until they turned to escape. But the second line refused to break formation, and as the Romans continued their advance, the Carthaginians began fighting each other. Ultimately, men in the second line also broke and ran for the rear, where they met a similar reception from the third line.
趁著這場混亂，雷利烏斯和馬西尼薩了率領側翼的騎兵攻向迦太基騎兵。這些騎兵在羅馬和努米底亞騎兵追擊下迅速敗退。當騎兵遠離戰場，步兵則衝向太基前線，壓制了第一列傭兵直到他們轉身逃跑。但第二列士兵拒絕讓傭兵們逃走，而羅馬人則持續進軍，迦太基人開始互相殘殺。最終第二列被突破，他們在第三列也遭遇到類似的情形。

As the defeated first two lines skirted around the ends of Hannibal’s final line, Scipio recalled his troops to within bow shot of the Carthaginians. Before them stood Hannibal’s seasoned veterans, rested, unbowed and in numbers almost equal to his own. Scipio, rather than replace the exhausted legionnaires in his leading ranks, re-formed them into a tightly packed formation and moved the Triarii to each flank, intending to overlap the enemy line. In a testament to Roman discipline, the legions quickly negotiated these complex maneuvers in the face of an unbeaten enemy.
當前兩列戰線的潰敗直逼漢尼拔的最後列時，西庇阿召回他的部隊。挺立在他們面前的是漢尼拔身經百戰的老兵，經過充分休息且依舊挺立，人數和他們差不多。西庇阿重新整頓筋疲力盡的軍團，再次編成緊密的陣型，將第三列後備兵移到兩翼，企圖覆蓋敵人陣線。這證明了羅馬的紀律的嚴謹，軍隊能在未嘗敗仗的敵前做出快速的陣型變換。

e0040579_22505078
(羅馬軍將軍團排成一列，後方則是騎兵包抄夾擊)

Given a short breather, the Romans came forward at a quickened pace, until at about 20 paces they let fly their throwing spears and drew their short swords. The advance became a rush as thousands of screaming Romans hurled themselves upon the Carthaginian line. For long minutes the issue remained in doubt, until at the peak of battle the Roman and Numidian cavalry returned to the battlefield and charged into the Carthaginian rear. With cavalry at the rear and the Triarii collapsing their flanks, Hannibal’s veterans finally did the unthinkable—they broke.
經過短暫喘息後，羅馬人以快速的步伐出擊，直到大約離敵軍20步的地方投擲長矛，並拔出短劍。數千羅馬人伴隨著震天的吶喊，奮不顧身殺向迦太基戰線，兩方的戰鬥久久僵持不下，直到戰鬥的最高潮，羅馬和努米底亞騎兵返回戰場，並向迦太基後方進攻。後方的騎兵和後備兵擊潰了他們的側翼，漢尼拔的老兵難以想像──他們被打敗了。

Though Hannibal himself escaped, his army was lost and Carthaginian military power broken. Rome was now the uncontested master of the Western Mediterranean. Scipio’s victories earned him tremendous popular support but also numerous enemies, envious of his popularity.
雖然漢尼拔本人逃過一劫，但他的軍團和迦太基軍力無法東山再起了，羅馬已是西地中海無庸置疑的霸主。西庇阿的勝利為他贏得超凡的人氣，以及眾多嫉妒的敵人。(註)

註：這篇文章完全沒有提到一個大重點，就是西庇阿在此役後，被授予亞非利加努斯(Africanus)─非洲征服者的稱號，當時他只有33歲，此篇文章的標題Scipio Africanus即出自於此處。

Though he later accompanied his brother on a war of conquest in Asia Minor, he was never again to hold real power in Rome. Under constant legal attack, he ultimately went into a bitter retirement, dying at an early age.

雖然他後來曾陪同弟弟前往征服小亞細亞，但他再也沒有在羅馬掌握實際的軍權。在接連不斷的法律攻擊下(註)，他最終痛苦地退休，英年早逝。

註：法律攻擊即為著名的「西庇阿審判」，與其說是法律不如說是政治攻擊，各種記載凌亂無一定說法，但簡而言之是羅馬共和國的對外政策分為兩派，想以帝國主義將各征服地納入領土的派系，為了擊潰西庇阿的政治影響力，找了些雞麻蒜皮的小事將西庇阿的弟弟告上法庭，原本想認真辯駁的西庇阿經過幾次開庭後，發現對方的目標是自己，只好用民心對他殘餘的嚮往讓對手拿他沒轍，從此之後西庇阿就不甩開庭通知。對奉獻一生給國家的名將來說，羅馬政治讓人失望至極，於是他自行退隱(放逐)到羅馬城外的別墅，就此了卻餘生。

如果要在台灣理解這樣的法律攻擊，可以回憶前總統馬英九控告王金平的事件，表面看來是依法處置，但對方犯了什麼罪並不要緊，最終目的就是要鬥倒對方的政治勢力。

How Rome treated its most victorious general was not lost on such future successful commanders as Marius, Sulla and Caesar. For them the overriding lesson of Scipio’s fall from grace was that if you wanted to rule, you needed to return home with your legions.
羅馬如此對待其常勝將軍，但沒有失去未來這些成功的將領：馬略、蘇拉和凱撒。對他們來說，從西庇阿的殞落得到的教訓是，如果你想手握大權，便要與軍團一同回國。

For further reading, James Lacey recommends: Scipio Africanus: Greater Than Napoleon, by B.H. Liddell Hart.

This article by James Lacey was originally published in the July/August 2007 issue of Military History Magazine.
本文由詹姆斯•萊西發表於軍事史雜誌(Military History )2007年7月/ 8月號

譯後亂講堂：

終於翻完了，這次憑著一股熱血~~和愛和拋下正事都沒做，~~以前所未有的速度翻譯完成，這次翻史料的時間少一點(好啦只有稍微)，主要是因為相關史料~~他家祖宗十八代~~我反覆都看到快背起來惹!!!!(迷妹模式大開)

其實每一次翻譯都會重新認識史料上的不同觀點，看了那麼多東西，連西班牙都繞了一圈，再回來翻譯這篇西庇阿的略傳，有種回到當初初識羅馬史的時光(對….大西庇阿就是推我入坑的元兇)，經過這麼多年依然還是很喜歡他的人格特質，他展望未來的性格，不管人生的路途上迷途多久再回來看他，都還是那麼充滿希望。

按照慣例，接下來會補充一些相關的逸事，如果有興趣的人可以繼續閱讀，若無興趣可以直接離開本頁囉！以下內容我有很克制自己衝動不要寫得天花亂墜了XD，如果有任何疑問或指教，歡迎留言或來信，希望大家閱讀愉快。

西庇阿的藝術形象

奇怪的是，大西庇阿最常出現在畫作上的形象並不是縱橫戰場的樣貌，而是李維加油添醋描述的一段故事，原文頗長，簡述如下：

大西庇阿攻克新迦太基城後，當地人為了向新的勝利者示好，獻上了一個無比美麗的女俘虜，西庇阿並沒有接受這項禮物，反而詢問少女的身世，得知她先前已經許配給西班牙當地部落的王子，而這時王子也帶著贖金前來，打算贖回他的未婚妻。
西庇阿知道後，慷慨地將這名少女還給西班牙王子，並對他說：
我對這禮物唯一要求的回報是─若你信任我的為人，請成為羅馬人的朋友。
感激的王子打算將帶來的贖金贈與西庇阿，西庇阿收下後又表示：這將做為結婚禮金，贈與兩位。王子和少女感動不已，而後王子領著他的西班牙部落投靠羅馬，成為西庇阿最忠實的盟友。

在那個時代做為戰勝者，不管西庇阿對這少女做什麼都是他應有的權力，但西庇阿選擇了更寬容的選項，這段情節就是著名《西庇阿的節制(The Continence of Scipio)》以此為主題的畫作有二十來張以上，除了彰顯戰勝者的仁慈，也表彰的少女的貞潔。

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雖然李維實在寫的很八點檔，但西庇阿在西班牙的寬大是很知名的，以至於數十年過後西班牙暴動，羅馬派人數次鎮壓都無法平定，最後只好請出大西庇阿的養孫小西庇阿來處理，當地西班牙人聽到有個叫「西庇阿」的人要來，還以為是大西庇阿回來了，還開心地帶著部落來降XD

永遠都在未足齡競選

西庇阿從坎尼回來後已經小有名氣，他的堂兄出來競選市政官時，覺得西庇阿可以吸引很多投票人口，所以就邀請西庇阿一起搭檔競選。
但那時西庇阿只有22歲，未達法定的選舉年齡36歲，他跟母親說起這件事的時候還被笑了一頓，所以投票日那天，西庇阿就偷偷地穿了托加袍出來，當時不需要登記參選，只要站上講台表達自己是候選人即可，當一席白袍的西庇阿出現時，底下的民眾為之騷動，讓他和堂兄高票當選。
當時的主持官曾以年齡問題反駁他的當選，但大西庇阿只是表示：

如果羅馬人民一致同意我擔任市政官，那就表示我的年齡足夠。
─李維《羅馬史》25卷.2

誰知道大西庇阿終其一生都以未足齡中選上各種官職XD，羅馬選舉制度相當複雜，保守派各種阻撓都未能拉他下馬，可見其支持度根本是那時代的超級巨星。

西庇阿與羅馬短劍

現今有關羅馬電影，都可以看到名為gladius的羅馬短劍，這短劍是西庇阿在西班牙引入的，此後便成了羅馬軍團的固定裝備。

西庇阿審判的結尾

大西庇阿發現審判的目的是針對他後，一日廣場開庭(以前羅馬是大庭廣眾之下開庭的，所以有超多人圍觀)，他突然要求發言，然後說今天是他打敗漢尼拔的札馬會戰的周念紀念日，他要去神殿謝神，並號召大眾一起跟過來。
說完便逕自離開法庭前往神殿，後頭則跟著一大群回憶起他卓越功勳的民眾，最後廣場上的人都走光了，徒留原告不知所措地站在原地。

漢尼拔與西庇阿

漢尼拔和西庇阿雖然是戰場上的死敵，但是同做為天才般的將領，兩人應該是有惺惺相惜之感，扎馬會戰前兩個人還特別單獨會談，戰後西庇阿也沒有追殺到天涯海角要了他的命，反多所維護。(西庇阿對帶有國仇家恨之人真的是超乎想像的寬容)

有些史書記載兩人後來在以弗所相遇，討論起為將之道，西庇阿問漢尼拔，誰是世間第一的將領，漢尼拔說是亞歷山大大帝，其次是皮瑞斯，第三則是他自己。
西庇阿笑了笑，問他：「若是你在扎馬打敗我的話呢？」
漢尼拔回答：「那我將會超越前兩位，位居第一。」
這個回答相當雙關，漢尼拔一方面不肯把西庇阿放到這排行榜，但又暗暗誇讚他曾經打敗比亞歷山大大帝還要偉大的將領。

但後來兩人並未在有機會在戰場上對戰，漢尼拔晚年在小亞細亞漂泊，最後飲毒自盡，而西庇阿也於同一年逝世。

西庇阿的影響

文末最後有些微帶到，西庇阿對馬略、蘇拉和凱撒最大的影響，就是軍團私兵化，由於羅馬早期的軍團是國有，每年執政官們是用抽籤決定自己領有哪個軍團，但文中有提到，因為元老院不肯幫西庇阿募兵，又不重視坎尼那群失落軍團，所以西庇阿在西西里只能靠自己養兵，反導致坎尼老兵的忠心是落在西庇阿而非國家身上，遭到元老院猜疑。而戰後西庇阿依循傳統交還軍權，沒想到晚年導致自己失勢，凱撒等人一定有考慮到這點，所以軍團成了奪權不可或缺的工具，各地軍閥擁兵自重，最終致使羅馬陷入了內戰。