文章翻譯,  羅馬

【翻譯】凱撒健康的醫學爭論

Murder_of_Caesar-Paining
前言

原文來自http://www.forbes.com/sites/kristinakillgrove/2015/05/15/julius-caesars-health-debate-reignited/
作者:Kristina Killgrove

長久以來,凱撒一直被認為患有癲癇,這篇文章主要是對於凱撒病症的研究提出新看法,順帶提到過去的各種推斷,不過因為缺乏第一手的診斷資料,目前所有的結論都是可能性的推測。

文章沒有很長,但大多數的時間都在查醫學名詞跟症狀的前因後果,搞的我快崩潰,感謝友人李醫師不厭其煩地為我這醫學白癡解答各種愚蠢問題,不然真的會被這些症狀弄得暈頭轉向。
 

Julius Caesar's Health Debate Reignited: Stroke Or Epilepsy?

尤利斯‧凱撒的健康論戰:中風或癲癇?

 

“He was of spare habit, had a soft and white skin, suffered from distemper in the head, and was subject to epileptic fits, a trouble which first attacked him, we are told, in Corduba.” — Plutarch’s Life of Caesar 17.2

他的體型瘦削,皮膚白皙,患有腦疾和癲癇,偶爾會發作,據說第一次受到這種疾病侵襲是在哥多華。

普魯塔克《希臘羅馬英豪列傳─凱撒17卷第二章》
(註:此部分的翻譯參照席代岳所譯的版本。)

Famous words from the Greek historian Plutarch have offered tantalizing clues to the causes of Julius Caesar‘s ill health prior to his assassination on the Ides of March 44 BC. But Plutarch was born long after Caesar’s death, and his writing in particular has been interpreted a number of ways over the past two millennia.  Caesar had migraine headaches. Or hypoglycemia. He had a tapeworm in his brain. Most commonly, he has been diagnosed with morbus comitialis, the Latin term for epilepsy.

來自希臘史家普魯塔克所述的著名片段,為凱撒在BC44年三月被弑前健康不佳的原因提供了誘人的線索。但是普魯塔克在凱撒死後出生,他獨有的描述在過去二千年出現各種眾說紛紜的解釋─凱撒可能有偏頭痛或低血糖、腦中有絛蟲。最常見的是他被診斷患有morbus comitialis,此字為拉丁術語,即癲癇。

  • Tapeworm:絛蟲,一種寄生蟲,出現在腦部可能引起癲癇。
  • epilepsy:癲癇,典型的癲癇癥狀之一是痙攣,常伴隨僵直性、間接性的不隨意運動,也有不伴隨痙攣的發作類型。 另外、可能出現突然喪失意識、記憶,突然昏倒,四肢抽搐,口吐白沫,大聲喊叫等癥狀,癲癇發作大多數屬於暫時性,一般數分至數十分鐘即恢復如常人。但是癲癇具有反覆發作的特點,由此引發的後遺症甚至能造成智慧障礙。

 

Francesco Galassi and Hutan Ashrafian have been fascinated by the ancient world since childhood.  The medical doctors, who practice at Imperial College London, have proposed a new diagnosis based on their reading of the ancient sources: cardiovascular disease causing strokes. Galassi told me that they are “reconsidering the very Greco-Roman sources philologically and medically, liaising with experts in the field in Italy, the UK, and the US” to better understand Caesar’s health. “We refuse to accept a priori the diagnosis of epilepsy.”

佛朗希斯科‧加拉西(Francesco Galassi)和胡坦‧阿什拉費(Hutan Ashrafian)從小就著迷古代世界。這些在倫敦帝國學院受訓的醫生,基於古老文獻提出了新的診斷證明:心血管疾病引起中風。加拉西說他們正在「重新審視希臘羅馬的語文學和醫學來源」,並與該領域的義大利、英國和美國專家聯繫,以更瞭解凱撒的健康。 「我們拒絕接受(凱撒是)先天癲癇的診斷。」

 

Epilepsy in ancient Rome was well known and its symptoms often reported. Galassi therefore thinks that there should be more numerous accounts of Caesar’s epileptic episodes in historical records if he truly suffered from it. By combing through the ancient literature, Galassi and Ashrafian have come to a different interpretation of Caesar’s reported symptoms.

癲癇在古代羅馬眾所周知的,其症狀常出現於記載。因此加拉西認為若凱撒真受癲癇之苦,應該會有不少記錄存於歷史記述中。透過仔細地查找古代文獻,加拉西和阿什拉費已對凱撒所患症狀提出一個不同的解釋。

 

In a letter to the editor of Neurological Sciences published last month, Galassi and Ashrafian explain their reevaluation. “Together with the symptoms of headache, vertigo and falls as a possible result of limb paresis, gait disturbance, sensory deficit or syncopal episode can be considered in terms of cerebrovascular insults and stroke,” they write, and depression and personality changes Caesar suffered “may also be consistent with cerebrovascular disease.”

在上個月給期刊《Neurological Sciences》的編輯的信中,加拉西和阿什拉費解釋他們的推斷:「頭痛、眩暈症狀,因肢體輕癱而倒下、步態障礙、感覺障礙或暈厥發作,可被歸結是腦血管損傷和中風。」凱撒患有憂鬱症和人格改變 ,「也可能與腦血管疾病吻合。」

 

As doctors, Galassi and Ashrafian know that a good medical and family history is key to understanding a person’s health. Pliny the Elder mentions the sudden death of Caesar’s father and another close relative, which can easily be associated with “cardiovascular complications of stroke episode or a lethal myocardial infarction.” If Caesar’s relatives died of a heart attack, it is reasonable to question the dictator’s symptoms in light of a possible family history of cardiovascular issues. Galassi says that “we think the TIAs [transient ischemic attacks or mini strokes] started at the end of his life; likely in 46 BC or a littler earlier.”

加拉西和阿什拉費作為醫生,知道良好的醫療和家族病史的是瞭解一個人健康的關鍵。老普林尼曾提到凱撒的父親和其他近親的猝死,這很容易地聯想到“中風引起的心血管併發症,或致死性心肌梗塞”若凱撒的親屬皆死於心臟疾病,就有可能按照心血管疾病的家族病史去合理懷疑這位獨裁者症狀。加拉西說:「我們認為TIA(暫時性腦缺血或小中風)始於凱撒晚年,可能在西元前46年或更早些。」

  • TIA: 是暫時性腦缺血"transient ischemic attack"的縮寫。是腦部血流暫時被阻斷,而使得腦部某部分無法取得需要的血液和氧氣。暫時性腦缺血通常又稱為小中風(mini-stroke),因為症狀與中風類似。和中風不同的是TIAs並不會對腦部造成永久性的傷害。

 

Barry Strauss, a Cornell University military historian whose book The Death of Caesar represents the latest research into the dictator’s life, told me that, while he finds the cardiovascular theory intriguing, he is not convinced. “Caesar’s illness is said to have begun in Cordoba, Spain,” Strauss says, referencing Plutarch, “which would suggest a specific event such as head trauma.”  Traumatic head injuries can cause neurological problems, and since Caesar is reported to have recovered quickly from each episode, Strauss finds a diagnosis of epilepsy more convincing.

康奈爾大學軍事史學家─施特勞斯著有《凱撒之死》一書,展現這位獨裁者生涯的最新的研究,當他發現心血管理論耐人尋味時,他不相信。「凱撒的病據說始於西班牙哥多華。」施特勞斯引用普魯塔克:「這可能暗示如頭部受傷的特定事件。」頭部外傷可能導致神經系統的問題,而且據記載,凱撒每次發作均能迅速恢復,施特勞斯認為癲癇更具說服力。

 

If Julius Caesar was suffering from mini strokes, as Galassi and Ashrafian believe, why would his problems be documented as epilepsy?  It is not necessarily the case that ancient historians did not understand the disease.  Rather, Galassi and Ashrafian suggest that “Caesar and his adopted son Octavius may have contributed to the diagnosis of epilepsy, as this was considered a ‘sacred disease’.” It may have made Caesar look more powerful and more divine, shoring up his public profile and ensuring his eventual deification. But Strauss counters that “it was not to Caesar’s advantage to admit that he had epilepsy because Romans considered epilepsy to be a bad omen and the Hippocratic Greek corpus denied that epilepsy was a sacred disease.”

若如同加拉西和阿什拉費所信,凱撒患的是小中風,那為何會被記錄為癲癇?它不一定是古代史家不瞭解病情。相反,加拉西和阿什拉費提出:「凱撒和養子屋大維可能對癲癇作出不少貢獻,讓它被認為是一個『神聖的疾病」。這能讓凱撒看起來強大而具有神性,支撐起他的公眾形象,並確保他最終被神化。」但施特勞斯反駁:「承認有癲癇對凱撒沒有好處,因為羅馬人認為癲癇病是一種不好的預兆,希臘的《希波克拉底文集》否認癲癇是神聖的疾病。」

  • Hippocratic corpus: 《希波克拉底文集》希波克拉底的醫書, 涵蓋了診斷、疫病、婦產、兒科、營養及外科等。醫書作者顯然不限於希波克拉底一人,而是有眾多的作者,且寫作的時間也橫跨了幾個世紀,其中不同科之間也常彼此有矛盾之處。

 

In the end, Caesar’s diagnosis may not be a case of either/or. Strauss notes that in researching his book, he learned from neurologists that strokes and head trauma are both risk factors for developing epilepsy later in life. “Caesar could have had both epilepsy and transient ischemic strokes,” Strauss says.  Did cardiovascular disease cause strokes that in turn caused epileptic episodes? Did Caesar suffer a blow to the head in Cordoba that resulted in epilepsy? Considering that even with modern medical technology there is no test that can confirm or rule out epilepsy, Strauss points out “we can’t be sure about a diagnosis 2,000 years after the fact.”

凱撒的病因並非是二選一的案例,施特勞斯在書中的研究指出,他從神經科瞭解到,中風和頭部外傷都是未來發展成癲癇的危險因素。施特勞斯說:「凱撒可能兼有癲癇和暫時性腦缺血中風」。是心血管疾病引起中風,反導致癲癇發作?還是凱撒在哥多華遭到頭部外傷而造成癲癇?考慮到沒有測試的情況下,現代醫學技術難以認定或排除癲癇,施特勞斯指出:「我們無法在事情發生2000年後做出確切的診斷。」

 

Reanalysis of ancient diseases is not a new phenomenon, and with staggering advances in medical technology recently, both medical doctors and archaeologists are learning more about disease in the past. Research into the lives and deaths of King Richard III or Ötzi the Iceman would not have been possible a couple decades ago. The difference between these men and Julius Caesar, though, is that their skeletons were found intact. As Caesar was cremated following his assassination, there is little hope of bioarchaeologists finding his mortal remains and poring over them for additional clues to his health. We may be debating about one of the most powerful figures in history for a long time to come.

古老疾病的再分析不是一個新現象,隨著的醫療技術的進步,醫生和考古人員正學習更多關於過去的疾病。而在數十年前,研究英國國王理查三世或冰人奧茨的生死是不可能的。這些人與凱撒之間的區別,是他們的骨骼完好無損。凱撒遇刺後很快被火化,但仍有抱著微渺的希望的生物考古學家(bioarchaeologist)尋找著凱撒遺骸,並深入研究以尋求更多關於他健康的線索。看來我們還能為這位歷史上最具影響力的人物爭論很長一段時間。

  • Ötzi the Iceman,冰人奧茨:是距今為止發現的最早並保存最完好的冰封歐洲人類木乃伊,具有相當大研究價值。

 

譯後亂講堂:

關於凱撒建康的史書敘述

這篇文章關於古籍資料提到的較少,以下補充大多數學者拿來舉證的各例子。

普魯塔克《希臘羅馬英豪列傳─凱撒》

塔普蘇斯之戰(BC46)

凱撒並未參加作戰行動,因為他在佈署隊伍的時候,舊疾發作,他的全身開始顫抖,知道大事不妙,趁著病情尚未凶險之際,回到附近一處堡壘去休養。

 

還有一次,元老院投票決議頒給凱撒過分僭越的榮譽……..當時他(凱撒)坐在演說臺上,那些(來頒獎的)人到來,他沒有起身迎接,這種態度冒犯了元老願議員……後來他曾對自己的行為加以辯解,說他之所以沒有起立,是因為他患了一種疾病,如果站著講太多的話,會頭昏眼花,全身抽搐以致喪失理性。

 

蘇微托尼烏斯的《羅馬十二帝王傳》

據說,他身材高大,皮膚白皙,四肢勻稱,面部稍胖,一雙黑眼睛炯炯有神。他體格健壯,只有臨死前,時常突然暈倒,夜裡做惡夢。他有兩次在戰事進行中癲癇發作。

 

凱撒死後,他的一些朋友懷疑他的死是由於健康狀況日益惡化,自己不想再活下去了,因而未採取預防措施,忽視預兆和朋友們的警告所致。

 

有一點是幾乎所有人看法都完全一致的,即遭遇這樣的死幾乎出自他自己的心願,有一次,他在色諾芬的著作中獨到,居魯士在病的快死時是如何對自己的後事作出安排的,讀到這裡他表示憎恨那種慢騰騰的咽氣,希望自己能猝然死去。

 

阿庇安《內戰記》第二卷

或者由於他放棄了他的希望,或著由於厭倦了,他想在這時避免這種陰謀和惡名,或者有意把羅馬城讓給他的某些敵人,或者希望去治療他癲癇和痙攣的病症(這個病是他突然得的,特別是在不行動的時候。)

另外這個雖然不是古書,但莎士比亞的劇作有特別寫到凱撒的症狀,表示這個說法流傳已久。

莎士比亞《凱撒大帝》第一幕第二景曾透過角色對話描述凱撒的發病(底下的熱病指的是癲癇)

……他在西班牙的時候,曾經害過一次熱病,我看見那熱病在他身上發作,他的渾身都戰抖起來;是的,這位天神也會戰抖;他的懦怯的嘴唇失去了血色,那使全世界驚悚的眼睛也沒有了光彩;我聽見他的呻吟;是的,他那使羅馬人聳耳而聽、使他們把他的話記載在書冊上的舌頭,唉!卻吐出了這樣的呼聲,「給我一些水喝,泰提涅斯,」就像一個害病的女兒一樣。神啊,像這樣一個心神軟弱的人,卻會征服這個偉大的世界,獨占著勝利的光榮,真是我再也想不到的事。

 

關於癲癇和中風的各種解釋

查資料的過程中看了些文獻,由於醫學論文常常太深奧難懂,本人只是個無知草民沒有要了解那麼深,所以提供的連結是親民一點的解說,如果非常想要看專業論文理解前後因果的話請自行用關鍵字google囉!

神聖的病症

有位施醫師翻譯了國外論文,有稍微解釋古代世界對癲癇的看法,還有希波克拉底對癲癇的態度。

http://www.epilepsyorg.org.tw/?Page=BulletinDetail&Guid=4416b1bf-68cf-6af5-13f7-5f71e07cfde1#001

關於癲癇和中風的解說

http://www.dls.ym.edu.tw/neuroscience/epi_c.html

小中風

http://www.dls.ym.edu.tw/neuroscience/tia_c.html

 

歷史的想像

我學生時期曾經看到朋友出現類似癲癇的症狀,倒在地上不斷地抽搐,那種毫無預兆的發作真的會讓旁人受盡驚嚇,雖然由古代記錄來看凱撒可能不是最典型的症狀(或者在症狀發作時他可以意識到),不過對身邊的將官、同僚和好友來說,像是天神英雄般的領袖像個無助的人瞬間倒下,心中的震驚是可以想見的,莎士比亞的《凱撒大帝》雖不是最優秀的劇本,但對於凱撒發病瞬間的描寫,或許能一定程度反應凱撒友人的心情。

或許因為意識到這個疾病帶來的恐懼(不管是對自己或旁人),凱撒才會於晚年受憂鬱症之苦,最後選擇坦然面對3/15的末日(凱撒情報網強大,不可能沒意識到有人要殺他。),對於一個權勢強大的人來說,比起病死床榻,或許精心安排好的死亡最適合他。

但最奇特的是,凱撒在健康狀況低落的時候,竟然選擇修改遺囑(應該是BC45年修改,凱撒於隔年身亡),將當時尚年輕屋大維立為繼承人,凱撒為何選擇屋大維做為繼承人不得而知,畢竟屋大維聽到遺囑時也顯得有點意外,唯一的解釋也只能說凱撒慧眼識英雄了,鹽野七生的說法是凱撒認為自己還會活一陣子,足夠培養屋大維,等到自己老去時屋大維也成年可以接班,不過既然凱撒有做這樣的思慮,不知為何卻接受了3/15的死,而非盡力活下來。

如果說凱撒是用生命對屋大維做最後的囑咐,暗示最終目的就是收歸羅馬為私有,屋大維僅憑遺囑所賜的「凱撒」一姓鞠躬盡瘁,可說是成就了這世界上最完美的接班計畫── 一個輝煌無比、直屬皇帝的千年帝國。

 

以上純個人心得分享,若有任何問題請留言給我,懇請大家指正(鞠躬)

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9 年 之前

當時的技術要醫治好胼胝體根本不可能 辛苦凱薩了