【翻譯】一窺羅馬萬神殿
原文譯自http://www.monolithic.org/stories/the-pantheon-rome-126-ad
討論關於萬神殿的特色與建築方式。
譯註：我個人認為這篇不算是太嚴謹的文章，有小歷史錯誤、專有名詞錯誤和誤植，二是他很多內容是把別人網站複製貼上，但其來源在第一手文獻資料可能沒有，或是是別的呈現形式，但整體來說對萬神殿的描述無啥偏頗。
該篇工程名詞頗多，一個簡單的英文單字到工程學中完全變了樣，查了不少資料才勉強知道是甚麼施工技法，翻完這篇後確實有助於羅馬建築技術的理解就是了。
最後，本人英文極差，若有譯錯之處還請狠狠地指正。
The Pantheon – Rome – 126 AD
Freda Parker
A temple to all gods
獻給諸神的殿堂
Michelangelo (1475-1564) looked at everything with an artist’s critical eye, and he was not easily impressed. But when Michelangelo first saw the Pantheon in the early 1500s, he proclaimed it of “angelic and not human design.” Surprisingly, at that point, this classic Roman temple, converted into a Christian church, was already more than 1350 years old.
What’s even more surprising is that the Pantheon, in the splendor Michelangelo admired, still stands today – another 500 years after he saw it.
米開朗基羅(1475-1564)總是用藝術家批評的眼光審視一切，且不輕易感動，但米開朗基羅在 1500年早期見到萬神殿時，他宣稱這是：「天使所成，而非人為的設計」，而在此時，這座古羅馬神廟已經被轉成基督教堂超過1350年了。
更驚人的是，萬神殿那令米開朗基羅驚嘆的光彩，在他500年後依然可見。
In truth, no one knows the Pantheon’s exact age. One legend says that the first Roman citizens built the original Pantheon on the very site where the current one still stands in the Campo Marzo – modern Rome’s business district. The ancients constructed this first Pantheon after Romulus (753-716 BC), their mythological founder, ascended to heaven from that site. They dedicated it to Romulus and some of his divine ancestors and, for centuries, held rites and processions there.
事實上，沒有人知道萬神殿確切的年代，一傳說表示是早期羅馬人在戰神廣場(Campo Marzo)，亦為現代羅馬的商業區，建築了最原始的萬神殿，遺跡現仍佇立於此。古人在傳說中的建國者羅慕路斯於此登天後，建造最初的萬神殿奉獻給羅慕路斯及諸先祖。幾世紀以來，儀式及遊行都在那裡舉行。
Most historians, however, claim that Emperor Marcus Vipsanius Agrippa built the first Pantheon in 27 BC, a rectilinear, T-shaped structure, 144 feet by 66 feet (44m x 20m), with masonry walls and a pitched timber roof. It burned in the great fire of 80 AD, was rebuilt by Emperor Domitian, but was struck by lightening and burned again in 110 AD.
大多數歷史學家都宣稱阿格力巴在西元前27年建造最初的萬神殿。一個直線、T型的結構，44公尺X20公尺，有著砌體結構的牆面，木造斜屋頂。此建築在西元80年焚毀，由圖密善皇帝重建，但在西元110遭受雷擊而再次焚毀。
註1：原文Emperor不知為何加在阿格力巴的前頭，但阿格力巴從未稱帝，疑為筆誤
註2：原文lightening疑為lightning的筆誤
An elegant emperor
高雅的皇帝
Seven years later, Hadrian, the adopted son and successor of Emperor Trajan, became Rome’s ruler. Hadrian was elegance personified. He was tall and strong, had his hair curled and his full beard groomed daily. Moreover, Hadrian saw himself as a divinely inspired poet, with an avid interest in Hellenic culture, especially literature, music and architecture – so much so that his contemporaries snidely called him “the Greekling.”
七年過去，圖拉真皇帝的養子─哈德良成為羅馬的統治者。哈德良是有著優雅特質的人，他身材高大，頭髮捲曲，每日穿戴整齊，此外，他自視為神性啟發的詩人，醉心於希臘文化，特別是文學、音樂和建築，熱愛到讓同時代的人都稱他為「希臘佬」(註一)
註1: Greekling此字帶有些貶抑，羅馬人以此自嘲笑希臘人
By 120 AD, Hadrian began designing a Pantheon reminiscent of Greek temples and far more elaborate than anything Rome had yet seen. His plans called for a structure with three main parts: a pronaos or entrance portico, a circular domed rotunda or vault, and a connection between the two. The rotunda’s internal geometry would create a perfect sphere, since the height of the rotunda to the top of its dome would match its diameter: 142 feet (43.30 m). At its top, the dome would have an oculus or eye, a circular opening, with a diameter of 27 feet (8.2m), as its only light source.
西元120年，哈德良開始設計令人想起希臘神殿的萬神殿，其複雜精細遠超出當時羅馬所能見的。他的計劃將結構分為三大部分，門廊(pronaos or entrance portico)，圓形穹頂(a circular domed rotunda or vault)，以及連接這兩者的空間，
圓形建築內部以幾何學構成完美的球體，圓頂的高度等於圓的直徑43.3公尺，圓頂的頂部有個圓孔，直徑8.2公尺，是這裡唯一的光源。
Hadrian said, “My intentions had been that this sanctuary of All Gods should reproduce the likeness of the terrestrial globe and of the stellar sphere…The cupola…revealed the sky through a great hole at the center, showing alternately dark and blue. This temple, both open and mysteriously enclosed, was conceived as a solar quadrant. The hours would make their round on that caissoned ceiling so carefully polished by Greek artisans; the disk of daylight would rest suspended there like a shield of gold; rain would form its clear pool on the pavement below, prayers would rise like smoke toward that void where we place the gods.”
哈德良說：「我打算讓諸神的聖所以類似地球和星體的方式再現，圓頂透過中央的洞揭示了天空，交錯出黑與藍。這座神殿有開放及與外界隔絕的神秘空間，構成太陽象限。時光散落在經過希臘藝術家仔細打磨的格狀藻井上，日光圓盤如同神之盾懸於此。雨水在地面下匯聚成清池，祈禱會如輕煙般升起，直達天聽。」
註1：caissoned ceiling 疑為caisson ceiling或是coffered ceiling的筆誤，指的是萬神殿圓頂一格一格的藻井。
Hadrian visualized himself enthroned directly under the Pantheon’s oculus – a near-deity around whom not only the Roman empire but the universe, the sun, and the heavens obediently revolved.
哈德良設想自己坐在萬神殿的圓孔下的寶座，不只被神格化的羅馬諸帝環繞、甚至整個宇宙、太陽及天堂都以他為中心崇敬著。
Work begins
開工
Hadrian’s engineers began clearing the site and preparing the foundations. They dug a circular trench 26 feet (8 m) wide and 15 feet (4.5 m) deep for the rotunda’s foundation and rectangular trenches for the pronaos and the connector. They lined the trenches with timber forms and layered those with pozzolana cement – a powerful cement that the Romans discovered they could make by grinding together lime and a volcanic product found at Pozzuoli, Italy.
哈德良的工程師開始清理工地並準備地基，他們為了圓型穹頂的地基，挖了一個8公尺寬、4.5公尺深的圓型溝渠。以及為了門廊挖了方型的壕溝，他們用木頭標出格局規劃，並用Pozzolana水泥分層。羅馬人發現用石灰和義大利Pozzuoli出產的火山岩一起磨碎後，便可製成這種強力的Pozzolana水泥。
註：水泥(cement )和混凝土(concrete)理論上是不一樣的，但由於關於羅馬的建築技術很多謎題難解，水泥和混凝土一直被混用，據考證羅馬混凝土可能類似現代的波蘭水泥，但以現代技術來說這兩者是不一樣的東西。
Though the Romans had been building with concrete since about 200 BC, work on the Pantheon was difficult and proceeded in gradual stages. Other buildings surrounded the site so laborers lacked space in which to work.
雖然西元前200年起羅馬人就能在建築上使用混凝土，但萬神殿工程困難重重且進展緩慢，而且周邊圍繞的建築使工人缺乏足夠空間施工。
They also lacked machinery. Vitruvius (cir. 20 BC), a noted Roman architect, recorded the process followed in his day, that was probably still used by the Pantheon’s builders. The ancients hand mixed wet lime and volcanic ash in a mortar box, adding very little water so that they got a nearly dry composition. They carried this mixture to the jobsite in baskets and poured it over a prepared layer of rock pieces. They then tamped the mortar into the rock layer. The tamping packed the mortar, reduced the need for excess water, but, at the same time, stimulated bonding.
機具也缺乏，羅馬工程師維特魯威記述如下的程序，這很有可能是萬神殿的建造者所使用的：古人在研缽中以手工混和溼石灰和火山灰，加一點水讓它接近凝固，然後將這個混合物用籃子帶到工地，澆注在預備好的碎石層，然後用砂漿填實碎石層，減少對大量水份的需求，同時也讓彼此黏合在一起。
Transportation presented another problem. Just about everything had to come down the Tiber by boat, including the 16 gray granite columns Hadrian ordered for the Pantheon’s pronaos. Each was 39 feet (11.8 m) tall, five feet (1.5 m) in diameter, and 60 tons in weight. Hadrian had these columns quarried at Mons Claudianus in Egypt’s eastern mountains, dragged on wooden sledges to the Nile, floated by barge to Alexandria, and put on vessels for a trip across the Mediterranean to the Roman port of Ostia. From there the columns were barged up the Tiber.
運輸是另一個問題，所有的東西都由船隻運至台伯河後卸貨，這包括由哈德良下令運來，用於門廊的的16根花崗岩柱，每隻11.8公尺高，直徑1.5公尺，重達60噸。來自埃及東部的Mons Claudianus採石場，用木橇拖到尼羅河，運至亞歷山卓，然後用船隻越過地中海到羅馬港口奧斯提亞，柱子從這裡被送至台伯河。
A concrete dome
混泥土圓頂
Eventually, work began on the concrete dome, constructed in tapering courses or steps that are thickest at the base (20 feet) and thinnest at the oculus (7.5 feet). The Romans used the heaviest aggregate, mostly basalt, at the bottom and lighter materials, such as pumice, at the top.
They embedded empty clay jugs into the dome’s upper courses to further lighten the structure and facilitate the concrete’s curing.
最後混凝土圓頂工程動工了，以逐漸遞減的方式建造，基座厚達20英呎，而頂端最薄處僅7.5英呎。羅馬人在底部使用最重的集料，大多是玄武岩，而較輕的材料如浮石，則使用在頂部。
為了進一步減輕結構和幫助混凝土固化，他們在圓頂上方的嵌入空陶罐。
註：aggregate，集料，可成混凝土或修路等用的材料。
In the dome’s construction, the Romans probably used temporary wooden centering on which they layered concentric rings of masonry and concrete.
在圓頂的建造中，羅馬人可能在鋪設砌石與混凝土的同心圓上使用臨時性的木製鷹架。
Centering：鷹架，在工程上常見的臨時性支架，用來幫助建造一些需要支撐的結構，完工後拆除並不會影響到建築本身。
Through the ages, engineers have theorized about the centering. Some say the Romans used heavy wooden scaffolding, throughout the construction process, that reached from the floor to the oculus.
Others believe that centering was not required for the lower third of the dome, so the Romans used a lighter centering system supported from the dome’s interior, second cornice line.
自古以來工程師們對於木製鷹架多有推論，有些人認為羅馬人使用厚重的鷹架，隨著工程的進展逐漸從地面高至屋頂的圓洞。另一些人相信圓頂三分一以下的高度不需要使用鷹架，羅馬人使用較輕的鷹架系統支撐圓頂內部和第二上楣。
To create the dome’s oculus, which acts as a compression ring, the Romans built two circles of bipedales, handmade bricks that were 23.4 inches (60 cm) square and 1.56 inches (4 cm) thick. They laid the bipedales edgewise in three vertical courses, then circled the oculus with a bronze cornice.
為了創造作為壓縮環的頂部圓孔，羅馬人建了兩圈二足磚(bipedales)，這種手製磚長寬60公分、厚4公分。他們將二足磚沿著三條垂直線擺放，然後用青銅上楣圍住圓頂的孔。
註：Bipedales，拉丁文，指二足磚，羅馬帝國時期一種規格化的磚頭。
The oculus was not the only feature that got a bronze treatment. Hadrian had the original roof bronze-tiled and the Latin lettering on the entablature inscribed in bronze. It read: M AGRIPPA L F COS TERTIUM FECIT, which translates to “Built by Marcus Agrippa, the son of Lucius, third counsul.”
並非只有圓孔有青銅裝飾，哈德良在原始的屋頂鋪上青銅，並以拉丁文寫上；M AGRIPPA L F COS TERTIUM FECIT,(由路西斯之子，馬庫斯‧阿古力巴第三次任執政官所建)
An enduring mystery
難解之謎
Why the egotistical Hadrian insisted on crediting his predecessor for the Pantheon remains an unsolved mystery. Some believe he did it as a symbolic gesture that reinforced his connection to Rome’s ancient imperial line.
為什麼自負的哈德良堅持將萬神殿歸功於前人，依然是個無解之謎，有些人相信這是他加強與羅馬古代皇帝的連結的象徵。
But the Pantheon presents yet another, far greater mystery. Why, after nearly 2000 years, is this structure, built on marshy land, with a dome whose span was not surpassed for hundreds of years, still standing?
但萬神殿還有另一個更大的謎團，為何經過近2000年，這種在沼澤地的圓頂建築過了幾百年依然屹立？
Theories abound. Some believe the Pantheon is divinely protected. Until the 5th century, it was a temple dedicated to all the Roman gods. In 609, Emperor Phocas gave it to Pope Boniface IV, who consecrated it, dedicated it to St. Mary and all the Christian martyrs, and renamed it Santa Maria ad Martyres.
理論比比皆是。有些人認為萬神殿被諸神護佑。直到公元5世紀，它仍是祭祀羅馬諸神的神殿。在西元609年，皇帝Phocas將萬神殿賜給教皇博尼法斯四世，教皇把萬神殿視為神聖之地，奉獻給聖瑪麗和所有的基督教殉難者，並將其更名為聖母與諸殉道者教堂(Santa Maria ad Martyres)
While the Pantheon may be divinely protected, there are more earthbound reasons for its survival as well. It was built of a very strong concrete with pozzolona cement. A gradation process was used so that the structure is heavier at the bottom and much lighter at the top. The dome’s oculus or opening lightens the load and acts as a compression ring.
萬神殿也許受諸神庇佑，但有更多現實的原因使他存活至今，他使用非常堅固的火山灰混凝土，底部結構較重，頂部較輕，圓頂的圓孔減輕了負載且被作為壓縮環。
Whatever the reasons, the Pantheon is the only structure of its age, size and span that has successfully survived the scourge of time and gravity and has come down to us, intact, and in all its splendor and beauty. Like Michelangelo, we too can look at the Pantheon and marvel at this wonder that looks more like the work of angels, not humans.
不管什麼原因，萬神殿從時間浩劫中存活下來，其輝煌和美麗依然無損。如同米開朗基羅，我們也可以注視著萬神殿，並驚嘆這坐看起來更像是天使，而非人類所設計的奇蹟工程。
Reference Sources:
相關資料
http://www.greatbuildings.com/
http://www-viz.tamu.edu/(已失效)
THE PANTHEON
Illustration by David A. CollinsBuilt: 120-126 AD under Emperor Hadrian
Foundation: 24’ thick at base and steps to 21’ at ground level
Rotunda: concrete, 20’ thick; 142’ diameter
Oculus: concrete: 7.5’ thick; 27’ diameter
Interior Columns: 3’ diameter, 29’ tall topped with a corinthian capital
of 4’ totaling 32’ 9″ tall, 25 tons each
Portico: 16 granite columns 39’ tall, 5’ diameter, 60 tons each
補充：
1.這篇文章大多數的記載是來自上述的相關資料網站，對羅馬建築技術有興趣的人可參考維特魯威的《建築十書》，但萬神殿的建造是在《建築十書》成書百餘年後，故有些材料未成現於書中。
2.哈德良與他的大南瓜
這篇文章把哈德良寫得很美好，實際上，哈德良雖然是個明主，但是就跟大多數老闆一樣有著幼稚的一面，這在處理安提諾烏斯的死後諸事可看出端倪，而這同樣反映在他對建築的興趣上。在哈德良未登基前，有一次圖拉真皇帝與著名建築師阿波羅多洛斯(Apollodorus )正在討論建築方案，熱愛建築的哈德良在旁邊插話，卻受到了阿波羅多洛斯的嘲笑：「你還是去旁邊畫你的大南瓜去吧！你這個門外漢。」
阿波羅多洛斯所說的大南瓜就是哈德良偏愛的圓頂結構，哈德良受到羞辱後懷恨在心，加上之後的各種原因，阿波羅多洛斯就被哈德良所殺。
哈德良的大南瓜圓頂在他的莊園裡有一座
哈德良雖然參與了萬神殿的設計，但主導的還是建築師，而哈德良熱愛的大南瓜造型並未用在萬神殿，也許是有先見之明的無名建築師全力阻止他XD，才有今日的奇蹟。
然後這個故事太好笑了以至於我有一度想把這篇文章的標題改成「哈德良與他的大南瓜建築」
以上純個人心得分享，若有任何問題請留言給我，懇請大家指正（鞠躬）
